Information technology (IT) is the
application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and
manipulate data, often in the context of a business or
other enterprise. The term is
commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also
encompasses other information distribution technologies such as
television and telephones. Several industries are associated with information
technology, including computer
hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors,internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services.
Humans have been
storing, retrieving, manipulating and communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 BC, but the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in
a 1958 article published in the Harvard; authors Harold J.
Leavitt and Thomas L.
Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single
established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their
definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the
application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making and the
simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.
Based on the storage
and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four
distinct phases of IT development: per mechanical (3000 BC –
1450 AD), mechanical (1450–1840), electromechanical (1840–1940) and
electronic (1940–present). This
article focuses on the most recent period (electronic), which began in about
1940.
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